Toxicology Bibliography

Listed below are some references that provide information which may be helpful in understanding the principles of environmental toxicology, terminology, specific test methods, data analysis and use and application of test data. Many of the EPA and ASTM references can be obtained from appropriate websites.

The references assembled below can also be downloaded in an ezprint plain text version.

GENERAL REFERENCES

ASTM 2005. Standard Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental Fate. Standard E 943-00 in: Annual Book of Standards. Vol. 11.05 Biological Effects and Environmental Fate; Biotechnology; Pesticides. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Casarett, L.J., and J. Doull. 1975. Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons.
Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.

EPA 1991. Technical Support Document for Water Quality-based Toxics Control.
March 1991. EPA-505-2-90-001.

Grothe, D.R., K.L. Dickson and D.K. Reed-Judkins. 1996. Whole Effluent Toxicity Testing: An Evaluation of Methods and Prediction of Receiving System Impacts.
SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL.

Ingersoll, C.G., T. Dillon and G.R. Biddinger. 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment
of Contaminated Sediments. SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL.

Rand, G.M., and S.R. Petrocelli. 1985. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology: Methods and Applications. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York.

EPA WHOLE EFFLUENT TOXICITY (WET) METHODS

EPA 2000. Understanding and Accounting for Method Variability in Whole Effluent Toxicity Applications Under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. June 2000. EPA 833-R-00-003.

EPA 2000. Method Guidance and Recommendations for Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) Testing (40 CFR Part 136). July 2000. EPA 821-B-00-004.

EPA 2002. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, 5th ed. October 2002. EPA-821-R-02-012.
• Method 2000.0 Pimephales promelas.
• Method 2002.0 Ceriodaphnia dubia.
• Method 2004.0 Cyprinodon variegatus.
• Method 2006.0 Menidia beryllina.
• Method 2007.0 Mysidopsis bahia.
• Method 2019.0 Oncorhynchus mykiss.
• Method 2021.0 Daphnia magna.
• Method 2021.0 Daphnia pulex.

EPA 2002. Short-term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Water to Freshwater Organisms, 4th ed. October 2002. EPA-821-R-02-013.
• Method 1000.0 Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas, Larval Survival and Growth Test.
• Method 1001.0 Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas, Embryo-Larval Survival and Teratogenicity Test.
• Method 1002.0 Daphnid, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Survival and Reproduction Test.
• Method 1003.0 Green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum, Growth Test.

EPA 2002. Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Water to Marine and Estuarine Organisms, 3rd ed. October 2002. EPA-821-R-02-014.
• Method 1004.0 Sheepshead Minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, Larval Survival and Growth Test.
• Method 1005.0 Sheepshead Minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, Embryo-Larval
Survival and Teratogenicity Test.
• Method 1006.0 Inland Silverside, Menidia beryllina, Larval Survival and Growth Test.
• Method 1007.0 Mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, Survival, Growth and Fecundity Test.
• Method 1008.0 Sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata, Fertilization Test.
• Method 1009.0 Red Macroalga, Champia parvula, Fertilization Test.

EPA 2002. 40 CFR Part 136. Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants; Whole Effluent Toxicity Test Methods; Final Rule. Fed. Reg. Nov. 19, 2002 67:69952-69972.

EPA TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION/REDUCTION EVALUATION (TIE/TRE) METHODS

EPA 1989. Generalized Methodology for Conducting Industrial Toxicity Reduction Evaluations. April 1989. EPA/600/2-88/070.

EPA 1991. Methods for Aquatic Toxicity Identification Evaluations: Phase I Toxicity Characterization Procedures, 2nd ed. February 1991. EPA/600/6-91/003.

EPA 1991. Toxicity Identification Evaluation: Characterization of Chronically Toxic Effluents, Phase I. June 1991. EPA/600/6-91/005F.

EPA 1993. Methods for Aquatic Toxicity Identification Evaluations: Phase II Toxicity Identification Procedures for Samples Exhibiting Acute and Chronic Toxicity. September 1993. EPA/600/R-92/080.

EPA 1993. Methods for Aquatic Toxicity Identification Evaluations: Phase III Toxicity Confirmation Procedures for Samples Exhibiting Acute and Chronic Toxicity. September 1993. EPA/600/R-92/081.

EPA 1996. Marine Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) Phase I Guidance Document. September, 1996. EPA/600/R-96/054.

EPA 1999. Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Guidance for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants. August 1999. EPA/833/B-99/002.

EPA & ACE SOIL & SEDIMENT TOXICITY TEST METHODS

EPA/ACE 1981. Procedures for Handling and Chemical Analysis of Sediment and Water Samples Technical Report EPA/CE-81-1, May 1981. Environmental Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.

EPA 1988. Protocols for Short Term Toxicity Screening of Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/600/3-88/029. July 1988.

EPA/ACE 1991. Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Ocean Disposal - Testing Manual.("Green Book") February 1991. EPA/503/8-91/001.

EPA 1994. Methods for Assessing the Toxicity of Sediment-associated Contaminants with
Estuarine and Marine Amphipods. June 1994. EPA/600/R-94/025.
• Method 100.4 Ampelisca abdita, Eohaustorius estuarius, Leptocheirus plumulosus or
Rhepoxynius abronius 10-d Survival Test.

EPA/ACE 1998. Evaluation of Dredged Material Proposed for Discharge in Waters of the U.S.- Testing Manual. Inland Testing Manual. EPA-823-B-98-004.

EPA 1998. EPA's Contaminated Sediment Strategy. April 1998. EPA/823/R-98/001.

EPA 2000. Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated
Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates, 2nd Edition. March 2000. EPA-600/R-99/064.
• Method 100.1 Hyalella azteca 10-d Survival and Growth Test.
• Method 100.2 Chironomus tentans 10-d Survival and Growth Test.
• Method 100.3 Lumbriculus variegatus Bioaccumulation Test.
• Method 100.4 Hyalella azteca 42-d Test for Measuring the Effects of Sediment-associated
Contaminants on Survival, Growth and Reproduction.
• Method 100.5 Life-cycle Test for Measuring the Effects of Sediment-associated Contaminants
on Chironomus tentans.

EPA 2001. Methods for Assessing the Chronic Toxicity of Marine and Estuarine Sediment-associated Contaminants with Amphipod Leptocheirus plumulosus. March 2001. EPA/600/R-01/020.

EPA 2001. Methods for Collection, Storage and Manipulation of Sediments for Chemical and
Toxicological Analyses: Technical Manual. October 2001. EPA-823-B-01-002.

EPA WATER QUALITY CRITERIA METHODS

EPA 1985. Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection
of Aquatic Organisms and their Uses. NTIS PB85-227049.

EPA 1994. Interim Guidance on Determination and Use of Water-effects Ratios for Metals.
February 1994. EPA-823-B-94-001.

EPA 1996. The Metals Translator: Guidance for Calculating a Total Recoverable Permit Limit from
a Dissolved Criterion. June 1996. EPA-823-B-96-007.

EPA 1997. Use of the WER Procedure with Hardness Equations (11-19-97). Memo "Modifications to Guidance Site-Specific Criteria" Jeanette Wiltse, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, December 3, 1997.

EPA NCP PRODUCTS TEST METHODS:

EPA 1996. Revised standard dispersant toxicity test. July 1996. EPA NCP Product Schedule 40
CFR Part 300 Appendix C.

EPA DRILLING MUDS/FLUIDS TEST METHODS

EPA. 1993. Drilling fluids toxicity test. March 1993. 40 CFR Part 435 Appendix 2 to Subpart A.

EPA. 2001. Synthetic Based Fluids Sediment Toxicity Test. January 2002. 40 CFR Part 435 Appendix 3 to Subpart A.

ASTM METHODS

ASTM 2005. Annual Book of Standards. Vol. 11.05 Biological Effects and Environmental Fate; Biotechnology; Pesticides. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA:
• D 3978-04 Practice for Algal Growth Potential with Selenastrum capricornutum.
• E 724-98 Standard Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests Starting with Embryos
of Four Species of Saltwater Bivalve Mollusks.
• E 729-96 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Test Materials with
Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians.
• E 1191-03 Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids.
• E 1192-97 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Ambient
Samples and Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians.
• E 1193-97 Standard Guide for Conducting Daphnia magna Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests.
• E 1218-04 Standard Guide for Conducting Static 96-h Toxicity Tests with Microalgae.
• E 1241-99 Standard Guide for Conducting Early Life-Stage Toxicity Tests with Fishes.
• E 1295-01 Standard Guide for Conducting Three-Brood, Renewal Toxicity Tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia.
• E 1367-03 Standard Guide for Conducting 10-day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods.
• E 1391-03 Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing.
• E 1498-92 Standard Guide for Conducting Sexual Reproduction Tests with Seaweeds.
• E 1525-02 Standard Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments.
• E 1562-00 Standard Guide for Conducting Acute, Chronic and Life-cycle Aquatic Toxicity Tests with Polychaetous Annelids.
• E 1563-98 Standard Guide for Conducting Static Acute Toxicity Tests with Echinoid Embryos.
• E 1598-94 Standard Practice for Conducting Early Seedling Growth Tests.
• E 1611-00 Standard Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Polychaetous Annelids.
• E 1676-04 Standard Guide for Conducting Laboratory Soil Toxicity or Bioaccumulation Tests with the Lumbricid Earthworm Eisenia fetida.
• E 1688-00 Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates.
• E 1706-05 Test Method for Measuring the Toxicity of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Fresh Water Invertebrates.
• E 1847-96 Standard Guide for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under ASTM Guidelines.
• E 1850-97 Standard Guide for Selection of Resident Species as Test Organisms for Aquatic and Sediment Toxicity Tests.
• E 1963-02 Standard Guide for Conducting Terrestrial Plant Toxicity Tests.

STATISTICS AND DATA ANALYSIS

ASTM 2005. Standard Guide for Statistical Analysis of Toxicity Tests Conducted Under
ASTM Guidelines. Standard Guide E 1847-96 in: Annual Book of Standards. Vol. 11.05
Biological Effects and Environmental Fate; Biotechnology; Pesticides. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Dunnett, C.W. 1955. A multiple comparisons procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 50:1096-1121.

Finney, D.J. 1971. Probit Analysis, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Hamilton, M.A., R. Russo and R.V. Thurston. 1977. Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays.
Environ. Sci. Technol. 11:714-718.

Litchfield, J.T. and F. Wilcoxon. 1949. A simplified method of evaluating dose/effect experiments. J. Phamacol. Exp. Ther. 96:99-113.

Sokal, R.R. and F.J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry, 2nd ed., Freeman & Co., San Francisco.

Stephan, C.E. 1977. Methods for calculating an LC50. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, edited by F.L. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink, ASTM STP 634. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.

Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.