ARBITRATION / MEDIATION |
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Arbitration is a form of mediation or conciliation, where the mediating party is given power by the disputant parties to settle the dispute by making a finding. In practice arbitration is generally used as a substitute for judicial systems, particularly when the judicial processes are viewed as too slow, expensive or biased. Arbitration is also used by communities which lack formal law, as a substitute for formal law.
Mediation consists of a process of alternative dispute resolution in which a (generally) neutral third party, the mediator, using appropriate techniques, assists two or more parties to help them negotiate an agreement, with concrete effects, on a matter of common interest. More generally speaking, the term "mediation" covers any activity in which an impartial third party (often a professional) facilitates an agreement on any matter in the common interest of the parties involved.
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ARBORIST / TREE |
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An arborist or tree surgeon is a professional who manages and maintains trees (generally in an urban environment). This can include planting, pruning, structural support, the treatment of disease, insect, or abiotic disorders, lightning protection, and tree removal. It also can include planning, consulting, report writing and even legal testimony. Because trees provide many benefits to the landscape and to people, but they are also very large, heavy, and complex organisms, they require monitoring and care to ensure survival and safety in the human landscape.
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BANK COMPLIANCE |
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Compliance requirements are a series of directives established by United States federal government agencies that summarize hundreds of federal laws and regulations applicable to Federal assistance.
Bank regulations are a form of government regulation which subject banks to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to uphold the soundness and integrity of the financial system.
A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.
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BANKING |
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A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.
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BANKING REGULATION |
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Bank regulations are a form of government regulation which subject banks to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to uphold the soundness and integrity of the financial system.
A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.
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BANKRUPTCY |
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Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay their creditors. A declared state of bankruptcy can be requested by creditors in an effort to recoup a portion of what they are owed; however, in the overwhelming majority of cases, the bankruptcy is initiated by the bankrupt individual or organization.
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BUILDING INSPECTION |
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Construction and building inspectors examine buildings, highways and streets, sewer and water systems, dams, bridges, and other structures to ensure that their construction, alteration, or repair complies with building codes and ordinances, zoning regulations, and contract specifications. Building codes and standards are the primary means by which building construction is regulated in the United States for the health and safety of the general public. National model building codes are published by the International Code Council (ICC), although many localities have additional ordinances and codes that modify or add to the National model codes. To monitor compliance with regulations, inspectors make an initial inspection during the first phase of construction and follow up with further inspections throughout the construction project. However, no inspection is ever exactly the same. In areas where certain types of severe weather or natural disasterssuch as earthquakes or hurricanesare more common, inspectors monitor compliance with additional safety regulations designed to protect structures and occupants during those events.
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BUILDING SURVEYING |
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Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or 3D space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry (latin: measuring the Earth), of engineering, mathematics, physics, and law.
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CALL CENTER |
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A call centre (Commonwealth English) or call center (American English) is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone. A call centre is operated by a company to administer incoming product support or information inquiries from consumers. Outgoing calls for telemarketing, clientele, and debt collection are also made. In addition to a call centre, collective handling of letters, faxes, and e-mails at one location is known as a contact centre.
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CLAIMS |
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A claim is a legal action to obtain money, property or the enforcement of a right protected by law against another party.
Individuals and businesses purchase insurance policies to protect against monetary losses. In the event of a loss, policyholders submit claims, or requests for payment, seeking compensation for their loss. Adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators work primarily for property and casualty insurance companies, for whom they handle a wide variety of claims alleging property damage, liability, or bodily injury. Their main role is to investigate the claims, negotiate settlements, and authorize payments to claimants, all the while mindful not to violate the claimants rights under Federal and State privacy laws. They must determine whether the customers insurance policy covers the loss and how much of the loss should be paid to the claimant. Although many adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators have overlapping functions and may even perform the same job, the insurance industry generally assigns specific roles to each of these claims workers.
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COPYRIGHT - GENERAL |
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Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by governments to regulate the use of a particular expression of an idea or information. At its most general, it is literally "the right to copy" an original creation. In most cases, these rights are of limited duration. The symbol for copyright is ©.
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EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT |
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Emergency preparedness is a set of doctrines to prepare civil society to cope with - or plan for - natural or man-made disasters. Emergency Operations or Disaster relief are the subset of these doctrines that are concerned with recovery efforts; these comprise the execution or implementation of the Emergency preparedness plans. This is usually a government policy adapted from civil defense to prepare for nonmilitary civil emergencies before they happen. Emergency management involves plans, structures and arrangements established to engage the normal endeavours of government, voluntary and private agencies in a comprehensive and coordinated way to respond to the whole spectrum of emergency needs. This is also known as disaster management
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EMT - emergency medical technician |
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An emergency medical technician (EMT) is an emergency responder trained to provide emergency medical services to the critically ill and injured.
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FORENSIC COMPUTERS |
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Computer forensics is application of the scientific method to digital media in order to establish factual information for judicial review. This process often involves investigating computer systems to determine whether they are or have been used for illegal or unauthorized activities. Mostly, computer forensics experts investigate data storage devices, either fixed like hard disks or removable like compact disks and solid state devices.
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HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT |
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Managed care is a synonym for PPO, HMO, MCO, and POS.
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Managed care is a concept in U.S. health care which rose to dominance during the presidency of Ronald Reagan as a means to control Medicare payouts. As a major Medicare claims administrator, the Blue Cross-Blue Shield insurance firm was a major architect of managed care. It spread fairly quickly to the health insurance industry in the private sector.
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INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE |
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Occupational Hygiene is both a technical field of study and a profession.
The term 'Occupational Hygiene' (used in the UK and Commonwealth Countries as well as much of Europe) is synonymous with 'Industrial Hygiene' (used in the US, Latin America, and other countries that received initial technical support or training from US sources).
The International Occupational Hygiene Association defines Occupational Hygiene as 'the discipline of anticipating, recognising, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and well-being and safeguarding the community at large.'
The American Industrial Hygiene Association has described Industrial Hygiene as that 'science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation, prevention, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the workplace which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being, or significant discomfort among workers or among citizens of the community.'
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INSURANCE - LIFE |
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Life insurance (Life Assurance in British English) is a type of insurance. As in all insurance, the insured transfers a risk to the insurer, receiving a policy and paying a premium in exchange. The risk assumed by the insurer is the risk of death of the insured.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - ANALYSIS |
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In law, intellectual property (IP) is a broad entitlement extending the concept of property beyond its materialist definitions to include information, ideas, and other intangible assets in their expressed form. Depending on jurisdiction, IP rights generally enable the holder to exercise exclusive rights over the the subject matter (or "work") of the IP using copyright, patent, trademark, industrial design right and similar legal protections. The term reinforces that such works are the product of the mind or intellect and that any rights may be protected at law in the same way as any other form of property.
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY - LICENSING |
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In law, intellectual property (IP) is a broad entitlement extending the concept of property beyond its materialist definitions to include information, ideas, and other intangible assets in their expressed form. Depending on jurisdiction, IP rights generally enable the holder to exercise exclusive rights over the the subject matter (or "work") of the IP using copyright, patent, trademark, industrial design right and similar legal protections. The term reinforces that such works are the product of the mind or intellect and that any rights may be protected at law in the same way as any other form of property.
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ISO 9000 |
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ISO 9000 is an ISO standard for Quality Management Systems.
ISO 9000 was developed from the British Standards Institution's BS 5750. The ISO 9000 standard is maintained by ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and administered by accreditation and certification bodies. It is widely used in manufacturing, although high costs and difficulties with implementation have led to many companies using alternatives such as IC9700, or IC9200, both of which are issued by the International Charter, or their own specific in-house 'standard'.
Some countries re-label ISO 9000 as a national standard. (e.g. IR 9000 in Iran).
It should be emphasised that ISO 9000 does not guarantee the quality of the end products - rather, it certifies that the correct manufacturing process is being carried out.
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY |
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Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees, organisations, and others affected by the work they undertake (such as customers, suppliers, and members of the public).
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OPHTHALMOLOGY |
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Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine which deals with the diseases of the eye and their treatment. The word ophthalmology comes from the Greek roots ophthalmos meaning eye and logos meaning word; ophthalmology literally means "the science of eyes." As a discipline it applies to animal eyes also, since the differences from human practice are surprisingly minor and are related mainly to differences in anatomy or prevalence, not differences in disease processes. By convention the term ophthalmologist is more restricted and implies a medically trained specialist. Since ophthalmologists perform operations on eyes, they are generally categorized as surgeons.
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OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
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The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by issuing and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. This same act also created the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a research agency whose purpose is to determine the major types of hazards in the workplace and ways of controlling them. As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke.
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PARALEGAL |
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A legal assistant or paralegal is a person, qualified by education, training or work experience who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency or other entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible (ABA House of Delegates,1997).
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PATENTS |
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to a person for a fixed period of time in exchange for the regulated, public disclosure of certain details of a device, method, process or composition of matter (substance) (known as an invention) which is new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable.
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PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT - PA |
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In the United States, Physician Assistants (PAs) are non-physician clinicians licensed to practice medicine with a physician's supervision. This supervision, in most cases, need not be direct or on site and many PAs practice in remote or underserved areas in satellite clinics. PAs can treat patients and, in most states, prescribe medicine, and in some states in the US they carry a DEA number that gives them authority to prescribe controlled medications like narcotics. PAs in surgical practices also serve as first assists in surgery. PAs provide medical services that are reimbursed under Medicare and third party insurances. Physician Assistants and Nurse Practitioners both provide similar services in most states, the major distinction being that nurse practitioners are registered nurses by trade. Both are also known as Advanced Practice Clinicians (APCs) or mid-level practitioners (MLPs).
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PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER |
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Professional Engineer is the term for registered or licensed engineers in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Some individuals in these countries who have a degree in engineering from an accredited four-year university but do not have a license use the title Degreed Engineer.
The earmark that distinguishes a professional engineer is the authority to sign and seal or stamp engineering documents (drawings and calculations) for a design or a structure, thus taking legal responsibility for it.
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TRADEMARK |
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A trademark is a distinctive sign of some kind which is used by a business to uniquely identify itself and its products and services to consumers, and to distinguish the business and its products or services from those of other businesses. A trademark is a type of industrial property which is distinct from other forms of intellectual property.
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URGENT / EMERGENCY CARE |
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Urgent care is the delivery of ambulatory care in a facility dedicated to the delivery of unscheduled, walk-in care outside of a hospital emergency department. The initial urgent care centers opened in the 1970s. Since then this sector of the healthcare industry has rapidly expanded to an approximately 17,000 centers. Many of these centers have been started by entrepreneurial physicians who have responded to the public need for convenient access to unscheduled medical care. Other centers have been opened by hospital systems, seeking to attract patients. Much of the growth of these centers has been fueled by the significant savings that urgent care centers provide over the care in a hospital emergency department. Many managed care organizations (MCOs) now encourage their customers to utilize the urgent care option.
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USE OF FORCE |
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The use of force to settle conflicts is much debated in theory and in practice (see moral philosophy, ethics).When a conflict is viewed as being between parties having the same standing, observers often recommend the use of negotiation or other "conflict resolution" techniques. When a conflict is viewed as being between a law-breaker and a law-enforcer, observers tend to side with the enforcer (but with important exceptions). Analysis of conflicts, and of when and where it is legitimate for an involved (or intervening) party to use force to settle it, quickly becomes complicated.
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