ACCIDENT PREVENTION / SAFETY |
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Safety standards are standards designed to ensure the safety of products, activities or processes, etc. They may be advisorary or compulsorary and are normally laid down by an advisorary or regulatory body that may be either voluntary or statutory.
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ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION |
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Accidents occur everyday that result in the destruction of property, injuries, or even death. Experts in accident reconstruction use multi-displinary techniques to recreate the events leading to the accident. The data collection process and subsequent analysis of the accident data can lead to the assignment of negligenceblame. results of the reconstruction
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ACCOUNTING / BOOKKEEPING / CPAs |
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Accountancy (profession) or accounting (methodology) is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about information that helps managers and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions. Financial accounting is one branch of accounting and historically has involved processes by which financial information about a business is recorded, classified, summarized, interpreted, and communicated. Auditing, a related but separate discipline, is the process whereby an independent auditor examines an organizations financial statements in order to express an opinion -- that conveys reasonable but not absolute assurance -- as to the fairness and adherence to generally accepted accounting principles, in all material respects.
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ADHESIVES |
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An adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or synthetic sources. Some modern adhesives are extremely strong, and are becoming increasingly important in modern construction and industry.
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ADVERTISING |
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Firms in the advertising and public relations services industry prepare advertisements for other companies and organizations and design campaigns to promote the interests and image of their clients. This industry also includes media representativesÂfirms that sell advertising space for publications, radio, television, and the Internet; display advertisersÂbusinesses engaged in creating and designing public display ads for use in shopping malls, on billboards, or in similar media; and direct mail advertisers. A firm that purchases advertising time (or space) from media outlets, thereafter reselling it to advertising agencies or individual companies directly, is considered a media buying agency. Divisions of companies that produce and place their own advertising are not considered part of this industry.
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AEROSOLS |
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Aerosol spray is the name given to a type of canister containing liquid under pressure from pressurized vapor in equilibrium with another liquid, which often also dissolves the payload (see propellant below). When the can's valve is opened, the liquid is forced out of a small hole and emerges as an aerosol, or mist. As gas expands to drive out the payload, some propellant evaporates inside the can to maintain an even pressure. Outside the can, the droplets of propellant evaporate rapidly, leaving the payload suspended as very fine particles or droplets. Typical liquids dispensed in this way are insecticides, deodorants and paints. An atomiser is a similar device that is pressurised by a hand-operated pump rather than by stored gas.
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AFFIRMATIVE ACTION |
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Affirmative action (U.S. English), or positive discrimination (British English), is a policy or a program aimed at increasing the representation of members of groups that have traditionally been discriminated against. This typically focuses on education, employment, government contracting, health care, or social welfare.
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AGRICULTURE |
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Agriculture (a term which encompasses farming) is the art, science or practice of producing food, feed, fiber and many other desired goods by the systematic raising of plants and animals. Agri is from Latin ager ("a field"), and culture is from Latin cultura, meaning "cultivation" in the strict sense of tillage of the soil. Thus a literal reading of the English word yields tillage of the soil of a field. In actual usage, Agriculture denotes a broad array of activities essential to food and material production, including all techniques for raising and processing livestock (see Animal husbandry) no less than those essential to crop planting and harvesting.
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AMBIT ENERGY |
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Multi-level marketing (MLM) (also called network marketing or NM) is a business model that combines direct marketing with franchising. In a typical multi-level marketing or network marketing arrangement, individuals associate with a parent company as an independent contractor and are compensated based on their sales of products or service (as well as the sales achieved by those they bring into the business).
In a legitimate MLM company, commissions are earned only on sales to the end-user, who is often also a distributor. No money may be earned from recruiting alone ("sign-up fees"). Some companies produce revenues primarily by attracting new participants or selling them marketing services, as opposed to selling actual products. One must analyze the compensation plan to determine whether participants are paid from actual sales to customers and not from new-recruit bonuses or business support sales.
Multi-level marketing has a recognized image problem due to the fact that it is often difficult to distinguish legitimate MLMs from such illegal scams as pyramid or Ponzi schemes. NM/MLM businesses do operate legitimately in all 50 U.S. states and more than 100 other countries, and new businesses may use terms like "affiliate marketing" or "home-based business franchising."
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AMBULANCE |
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An ambulance is a vehicle designated for the transport of sick or injured people. The first ambulances called by that name were horse ambulances used in the American Civil War. The first practical ambulances were created by Dominique Jean Larrey, a French surgeon (17661842), for use in the Napoleonic Wars. Modern-day ambulances are typically large automobiles on a van or light truck chassis.
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ANESTHESIOLOGY |
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Anesthesiology is the branch of medicine that studies anesthesia and anesthetics. It is branch of medicine that deals with administration of pain relief during surgical and clinical procedures. Pain management is the discipline concerned with the relief of pain.
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ANTIQUES |
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Antiques (Latin antiquus, old) are objects which have reached an age which makes them a witness of a previous era in human society.
Antiques are usually objects which show some degree of craftsmanship, or a certain attention to design such as a desk or the early automobile. In a consumer society, an antique is above all an object whose atypical construction and age give it a market value superior to similar objects of recent manufacture. Any historical museum makes a considerable use of antiques in order to illustrate historical events and give them a practical context.
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ANTITRUST |
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Antitrust or competition laws are laws which seek to promote economic and business competition by prohibiting anti-competitive behavior and unfair business practices. Government agencies known as competition regulators regulate antitrust laws, and may also be responsible for regulating related laws dealing with consumer protection.
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ARCHITECTURE |
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Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, αρχιτεκτων, "a master builder", from αρχι- "chief, leader" and τεκτων, "builder, carpenter")[1] is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A wider definition would include within its scope the design of the total built environment, from the macrolevel of town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to the microlevel of creating furniture. Architectural design usually must address both feasibility and cost for the builder, and function and aesthetics for the user.
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ASBESTOS |
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Asbestos (a misapplication of Latin: asbestos "quicklime" from Greek ἄσβεστος: a-, "not"; sbestos, "extinguishable") describes any of a group of fibrous metamorphic minerals of the hydrous magnesium silicate variety. The name is derived for its historical use in lamp wicks; the resistance of asbestos to fire has long been exploited for a variety of purposes. It was used in fabrics such as Egyptian burial cloths and Charlemagne's tablecloth, which, according to legend, he threw in a fire to clean. Asbestos occurs naturally in many forms (see below); it is mined from metamorphic deposits.
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AUDIO TAPE |
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Audio Magnetic tape is a non-volatile storage medium consisting of a magnetic coating on a thin plastic strip. Nearly all recording tape is of this type, whether used for video, audio storage or general purpose digital data storage using a computer.
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AUDIO / VIDEO |
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Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical or mechanical re-creation and/or amplification of sound, often as music. This involves the use of Audio components such as microphones, recording devices and loudspeakers. From early beginnings with the invention of the Phonograph using purely mechanical techniques, the field has advanced with the invention of electrical recording, the mass production of the 78, the Magnetic wire recorder followed by the Tape recorder,the Microgroove recording, and the LP record. The invention of the Compact cassette in the 1960's, followed by the Walkman, gave a major boost to the mass distribution of music recordings, and the invention of Digital recording and the Compact disc in 1983 brought massive improvements in ruggedness and quality. The most recent developments have been in Digital audio players like the Apple iPod.
Video is the technology of capturing, recording, processing, transmitting, and reconstructing moving pictures, typically using celluloid film, electronic signals, or digital media, primarily for viewing on television or computer monitors.
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AUTO - AIR BAGS |
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An airbag, also known as a Supplementary/Secondary Restraint System (SRS) or as an Air Cushion Restraint System (ACRS), is a flexible membrane or envelope, inflatable to contain air or some other gas. Air bags are most commonly used for cushioning, in particular after very rapid inflation in the case of an automobile collision.
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AUTOMOTIVE |
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Automotives refers to design and manufacture of self-propelled mobility systems such as automobiles, trucks and buses, construction equipment, aircraft, aerospace vehicles, marine transports, trains and railroads, and other transit systems. Usually these mobility systems carry its own source of power while in operations, with the exceptions being electric locomotive and Magnetic levitation train.
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BACK PROBLEMS |
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Most back problems are related to your spine. Your spine is made up of many small bones called vertebrae. These vertebrae are spaced by spinal disks that act as shock absorbers to cushion and separate your vertebrae.
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BANK COMPLIANCE |
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Compliance requirements are a series of directives established by United States federal government agencies that summarize hundreds of federal laws and regulations applicable to Federal assistance.
Bank regulations are a form of government regulation which subject banks to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to uphold the soundness and integrity of the financial system.
A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.
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BANKING |
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A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.
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BANKING REGULATION |
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Bank regulations are a form of government regulation which subject banks to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, aiming to uphold the soundness and integrity of the financial system.
A bank is an institution that provides financial service, particularly taking deposits and extending credit.
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BARIATRIC MEDICINE |
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Bariatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity.
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BATTERIES |
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In science and technology, a battery is a device that stores chemical energy and makes it available in an electrical form. Batteries consist of electrochemical devices such as one or more galvanic cells, fuel cells or flow cells. The earliest known artifacts that may have been batteries are the Baghdad Batteries, from some time between 250 BCE and 640 CE. The modern development of batteries started with the Voltaic pile developed by the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in 1800. The worldwide battery industry generates 48 billion dollars in sales annually (2005 estimate).
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BICYCLE HELMETS |
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A bicycle helmet is designed to provide head protection for cyclists. Helmets are most suitable for preventing injury in straight falls, and for reducing friction related damage to the head. Modern bicycle helmets were first developed in the 1970s.
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BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING |
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Biomedical engineers use their expertise in biology, medicine, physics, mathematics, engineering science and communication to make the world a healthier place. The biomedical engineer is ideally trained to work at the intersection of science, medicine and mathematics to solve biological and medical problems.
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BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS |
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Biomedical physics involves thorough investigation of any matter related to the domain of living or biological systems. Usually biomedical denotes a greater stress on problems related to human health and diseases. Where some technology development is used, Biomedical engineering term is often used. Bioengineering has two wings: Biomedical Engineering (dealing more with the Biophysics), and Biotechnology (dealing more with the Biochemistry).
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BLOOD CLOT |
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Hematologists are doctors and scientists who are specialists in blood diseases. Their work is based on a specialized knowledge that equips them to select the best treatment through an understanding of blood diseases while educating patients and others.
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BOILERS |
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A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated under pressure. The steam or hot fluid is then circulated out of the boiler for use in various process or heating applications. A safety valve is required to prevent over pressurisation and possible explosion of a boiler.
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BRANDING |
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Branding may refer to any of:
the imprinting of brand marks on live skin, see Livestock branding, Branding persons and Branding (law).
a marketing technique, see Brand.
a permanent label or warning, such as a title brand affixed to the registration papers of a potentially defective vehicle.
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BUILDING SURVEYING |
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Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or 3D space position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not exclusively, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth, and are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes. In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of geometry (latin: measuring the Earth), of engineering, mathematics, physics, and law.
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BUSINESS |
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In economics, business refers to the social science of managing people to organize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular creative and productive goals. The etymology of business literally refers to the state of being busy, in the context of the individual as well as the community or society.
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BUSINESS STRATEGY |
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Strategic management is that set of managerial decisions and actions that determines the long-run performance of a corporation. It includes environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and evaluation and control.
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CALL CENTER |
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A call centre (Commonwealth English) or call center (American English) is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone. A call centre is operated by a company to administer incoming product support or information inquiries from consumers. Outgoing calls for telemarketing, clientele, and debt collection are also made. In addition to a call centre, collective handling of letters, faxes, and e-mails at one location is known as a contact centre.
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CANCER - GENERAL |
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Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis. This unregulated growth is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These mutations can be caused by chemicals or physical agents called carcinogens, by close exposure to radioactive materials, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. Mutations occur spontaneously, or are passed down generations as a result of germ line mutations.
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CANCER - KIDNEY |
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Renal cell carcinoma, also known by the eponym Grawitz tumor, is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Initial therapy is with surgery. It is notoriously resistant to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, although some cases respond to immunotherapy.
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CANCER - LUNG |
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Lung cancer is a cancer of the lungs characterised by the presence of malignant tumours. Most commonly it is bronchogenic carcinoma (about 90%). Lung cancer is one of the most lethal of cancers worldwide, causing up to 3 million deaths annually. Only one in ten patients diagnosed with this disease will survive the next five years. Although lung cancer was previously an illness that affected predominately men, the lung cancer rate for women has been increasing in the last few decades, which has been attributed to the rising ratio of female to male smokers.
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CANCER - PROSTATE |
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Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Cancer occurs when cells of the prostate mutate and begin to multiply out of control. These cells may spread (metastasize) from the prostate to other parts of the body, especially the bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, erectile dysfunction and other symptoms.
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CANCER SKIN |
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Skin cancer can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most common in skin that has been exposed to sunlight, such as the face, neck, hands, and arms. There are several types of cancer that start in the skin. The most common types are basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which are nonmelanoma skin cancers. Melanoma is another form of skin cancer that is much more aggressive than basal cell skin cancer or squamous cell skin cancer.
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CANCER - TESTICULAR |
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Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 diagnoses of testicular cancer are made each year. Over his lifetime, a mans chance of getting testicular cancer is roughly 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%). It is most common among males aged 1540 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers: in excess of ninety percent; essentially one hundred percent if it has not spread. Even for the relatively few cases in which the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least fifty percent.
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CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS |
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Carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and highly toxic gas. It is a major product of the incomplete combustion of carbon and carbon-containing compounds. It is less dense than air under ordinary conditions, however it accumulates on the ground, meaning that if poisoning causes loss of consciousness the amount of carbon monoxide inhaled increases and so fatality is radically increased. It is very slightly soluble in water and burns in air with a characteristic blue flame, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas, which are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, removing oxygen from many compounds and is used in the reduction of metals, e.g., iron , from their ores. At high pressures and elevated temperatures it reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst to form methanol. Carbon monoxide is formed by combustion of carbon in oxygen at high temperatures when there is an excess of carbon. It is also formed with a byproduct oxygen by decomposition of carbon dioxide at very high temperatures (above 2,000 °C). It is present in the exhaust of internal-combustion engines, often the exhaust of automobiles, and is generated in coal stoves, furnaces, and gas appliances that do not get enough air. This may be due to insufficient ventilation or other reasons.
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CASE REVIEWS |
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Case review is a method of catching and correcting honest mistakes, as well as intentional falsification of results, before permanent damage is wrought. Casework must be reviewed by an independent analyst or other qualified individual lab or by a qualified independent expert on behalf of the court or opposing counsel.
Case review is often the first step initiated in order to decide if any further legal steps can or should be taken.
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CEMENT / CONCRETE |
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Cement is a material for bonding stone or brick. The term cement is most commonly used to refer more specifically to powdered materials which develop strong adhesive qualities when combined with water. These materials are more properly known as hydraulic cements. Hydraulic limes, natural pozzolana and Portland cements are the more common hydraulic cements, with portland cement being the most important in construction. Gypsum plaster and common lime are not hydraulic cements. Cement is an important ingredient in concrete.
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CEREBRAL PALSY |
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Cerebral palsy
is a term used to describe a group of chronic conditions affecting body movements and muscle coordination. It is caused by damage to one or more specific areas of the brain, usually occurring during fetal development, or during infancy. It can also occur before, during or shortly following birth. "Cerebral" refers to the brain and "Palsy" to a disorder of movement or posture.
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